UNIT 6 SCIENCE
Contemporary science is typically subdivided into the natural sciences which study thematerial world, the social sciences which study people and societies, and the formal sciences like mathematics. The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations.Disciplines which use science like engineering and medicine may also be considered to be applied sciences.[4]
During the middle ages in the Middle East, foundations for the scientific method were laid by Alhazen.From classical antiquitythrough the 19th century, science as a type of knowledge was more closely linked tophilosophy than it is now and, in fact, in theWestern world, the term "natural philosophy" encompassed fields of study that are today associated with science, such as astronomy,medicine, and physics.
"SCIENCE PROCESS"
The Process Science domain presents science skills and tools that are necessary to learn science and to think and act scientifically. Featured science skills include making observations and inferences, making hypotheses, and collecting and interpreting data. Science tools that are commonly used in lab experiments and investigations include thermometers, balance scales, hand lenses, stopwatches, and graduated cylinders.
-OBSERVATION
-CONCLUSION
-RESEARCH
-LABORATORY
-RESULTS
-PUBLISH
Hypotheses
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, thescientific method requires that one can test it.Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Even though the words "hypothesis" and "theory " are often used synonymously, a scientific hypothesis is not the same as a scientific theory . A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further research .
OBSERVATION
Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, observation employs the senses. In science, observation can also involve the recording of data via the use of instruments. The term may also refer to any data collected during the scientific activity.
CONCLUSION
is the final consequence of a sequence of actions or events expressed qualitatively or quantitatively. Possible results includeadvantage, disadvantage, gain, injury, loss, value and victory. There may be a range of possible outcomes associated with an event depending on the point of view, historical distance or relevance. Reaching no result can mean that actions are inefficient, ineffective, meaningless or flawed.
RESEARCH
Research comprises "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop newtheories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects, or the project as a whole.
LABORATORY
Laboratories used for scientific research take many forms because of the differing requirements of specialists in the various fields of science and engineering. A physicslaboratory might contain a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber, while ametallurgy laboratory could have apparatus for casting or refining metals or for testing their strength. A chemist or biologist might use a wet laboratory, while a psychologist'slaboratory might be a room with one-way mirrors and hidden cameras in which to observe behavior. In some laboratories, such as those commonly used by computer scientists, computers (sometimessupercomputers) are used for eithersimulations or the analysis of data collected elsewhere.
Key words: research, science, observation, contemporary science, knowledge
